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Sabtu, 22 Februari 2014
KARYA ILMIYAH
Contoh karya ilmiyah :
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.) Latar belakang
Sudah kita ketahui, bahwa didunia ini
limbahnyasudah melimpah khususnya di Indonesia, sudah berapa limbah yang
tercemar, baik itu limbah industri maupun limbah rumah tangga (pemukiman).
Limbah pemukiman dapat terjadi karena
adanya pembuanga sisa-sisa dan limbah industri dan dari produksi oleh para
pemukiman (penduduk atau rumah tangga).
Limbah pemukiman juga dapat disebabkan oleh
tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan yang membuang kotorannya disembarangan tempat seperti
: di jalan, di kaki lima, dan dimana saja semaunya.
Limbah juga banyak diprediksi oleh para
ahli limbah yang banyak membuktikan pencemaran udara ialah limbah pemukiman
masayarakat, seperti bungkus-bungkus makanan, bungkus deterjen dan sebagianya.
Limbah pemukiman masayarakat sangat banyak
dampaknya bagi pertumbuhan makhluk hidup terutama bagi manusia. Limbah
pemukiman masayarakat mempunyai dampak bagi manusia yaitu seperti penyakit
diare, tifus bahkan ada juga yang deman, batuk berdarah karena virus yang berasal
dari sampah yang tidak diolah dengan baik.
Limbah pemukiman masyarakat sudah merupakan
salah satu hal yang harus ditangani dengan baik dan benar. Karena sudah
diprediksimenjasi sumber dari segala sumber masalah yang ada di lingkungan
masyarakat sekitar. Dengan ini pemerintah sudah menerapkan salah satu hal untuk
mencegah hal tesebut yaitu dengan membuat peraturan di sekitar lingkungan
masyarakat.
2.)Rumusan Masalah:
Ø Bagaimanakah dampak limbah pada permukiman
masyarakat ?
Ø Bagaimanakah mencegah limbah tersebut !
Ø Bagamanakah menanggulangi limbah tersebut
pada lingkungan yang hidup ?
3.)
Tujuan:
Ø Untuk memberikan kesadaran kepada kita
betapa pentingnya menjaga dan memelihara lingkungan kita agar terlindungi dari
pencemaran udara.
Ø Supaya siswa yang sudah belajar hal yang
mengenai limbah dapat memberikan informasi kepada masyarakatagar tidak membuang
limbah di sembarangan tempat.
4.)
Manfaat:
Ø pencemaran limbah belum terjadi, maka kita
berusaha untuk tidak membuat limbah pemukiman pada masyarakat.
Ø Jika limbah itu sudah terjadi, maka kita
harus bisa menanganinya dengan baik dan benar.
BAB II
DAMPAK PENCEMARAN AIR OLEH LIMBAH PEMUKIMAN
PADA MASYARAKAT
Ø Pengertian
Pencemaran air adalah suatu perubahan
keadaandisuatu tempat penampungan air seperti danau, sungai,lautan dan air
tanah akibat aktifitas manusia atau masuknya zat atau bahan pencemar ke dalam
air yang berdampak negatif terhadap manusia, hewan, tumbuhan atau organisme
yang tinggal di lingkungan tersebut.
Ø Polutan dari yang berasal dari limbah pemukiman
Sampah organik seperti air comberan
(sewage) menyebabkan peningkatan kebutuhan oksigen pada air yang menerimanya
yang mengarah pada berkurangnya oksigen yang berdampak parah terhadap seluruh
ekosistem. Industri membuang berbagai macam polutan ke dalam air limbahnya
seperti logam berat, tiksin organik, minyak, nutrien dan padatan. Air limbah
tersebut memiliki efek thermal, terutama yang dikeluarkan oleh pembangkit
listrik, yang dapat juga mengurangi oksigen dalam air.
Ø Dampak pencemaran air oleh limbah pemukiman
pada masyarakat :
ü Berkurangnya jumlah oksigen yang digunakan
oleh bakteri untuk melakukan proses pembusuk an sampah.
ü Sampah anorganik ke sungai, dapat berakibat
menghalangi cahaya matahari sehingga menghambat proses fotosintesis dari
tumbuhan air dan alga, yang mengahasilkan oksigen.
ü Deterjen sangat sukar diuraikan oleh
bakteri sehingga akan tetap aktif untuk jangka waktu yang lama di dalam air,
mencemari air dan merasuni berbagai organisme air.
ü Penggunaan deterjen secara besar-besaran
juga meningkatkan senyawa fosfat pada sungai atau danau yang merangsang
pertumbuhan ganggang dan enceng gondok (eichornia crassipes).
ü Tumbuhan air yang mati membawa akibat prose
pembusukan tumbuhan ini akan mengendapkan dan menyebabkan pendangkalan.
ü Material pembusukan tumbuhan air akan
mengendapkan dan menyebabkan pendangkalan.
ü Pertumbuhan ganggang dan enceng gondok yang
tidak terkendali emnyebabkan permukaan air danau tertutup sehingga menghalangi
masuknya cahaya matahari dan mengakibatkan terhambatnya photo sintesis.
BAB III
1.CARA-CARA MENCEGAH LIMBAH PEMUKIMAN
(TINDAKAN PREFENTIF)
Untuk mencegah agar supaya limbah pemukiman
tidak menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan, maka dilakukan upaya-upaya pencegahan
sebagai berikut :
Ø Tidak membuang sampah kesungai3.1.2 Tidak
memakai deterjen secara berlebihan
Ø Tidak melakukan pembuangan industri yang
mengandung Pb,Hg, Zn karena dapat mencemari lingkungan / peraiaran.
2.CARA-CARA MENANGGULANGI LIMBAH PEMUKIMAN
(TINDAKAN KURATIF)
Limbah dapat menimbulkan kerusakan
lingkungan. Apabila hal ini sudah terlanjur ada didalam lingnkungan hidup kita,
maka harus ada upaya penanggulangannya limbah pemukiman. Hal-hal yang dapat
kita lakukan untuk menanggulangi limbah pemukiman yaitu :
Ø
Mengelolah
sampah
Ø
Membuang
sampah ditempatnya
Ø
Tidak
membuang sampah kesungai
BAB IV 4
1. KESIMPULAN
Dari uraian dan pembahasan sebelumnya maka
didapat kesimpulan sebagai berikut.
Dampak dari limbah pemukiman adalah :
Ø Dapat berdampak begatif bagi manusia
Ø Rusaknya lingkungan
Ø Dapat menimbulkan penyakit, banjir,
kurangnya air bersih, dan lain-lain.
Untuk mencegah limbah pemukiman dilakukan
antara lain :
Ø Tidak membuang sampah kesungai
Ø Tidak melakukan pembuangan industri yang
mengandung Hg, Zn karena dapat mencemari lingkungan .
Ø Membuat undang-undang tentang pencemaran
air.
2. SARAN
Setelah
pembaca membaca karya tulis ini, penulis menyarankan beberapa hal :
Ø Tidak membuang sampah sembarangan
Ø Mengelolah sampah dengan baik
Ø Dapat menanggulangi limbah dengan baik
DAFTAR PUSTAKA CANTI, 2010 ilmu
pengetahuan alam, Sukabumi CiptaDrs. Sutrisno, penerbit Erlangga
NARRATIVE TEXT SINGKAT
Contoh Narrative Text Singkat :
GOLDEN CUCUMBER
One
night, while they were praying, Buto Ijo a giant with supranatural powers
passed their house. He heard they pray. "Don't worry farmers. I can give
you a child. But you have to give me that child when she is 17 years old,"
said Buto Ijo. The farmers were so happy. They did not think about the risk of
losing their child letter and agree to take the offer. Later, Buto Ijo gave
them a bunch of cucumber seeds. The farmers planted them carefully.
Then the
seeds changed into plants. No longer after that, a big golden cucumber grew
from plants.
After it had ripe, the farmers picked and cut it. They were very
surprised to see beautiful girl inside the cucumber. They named her Timun Mas
or Golden Cucumber.
Years
passed by and Timun Mas has changed into a beautiful girl. On her 17th
birthday, Timun Mas was very happy. However, the parents were very sad. They
knew they had to keep their promise to Buto Ijo the giant but they also did not
want to lose their beloved daughter. "My daughter, take this bag. It can
save you from the giant," said father. "What do you mean, Father? I
don't understand," said Timun Mas. Right after that, Buto Ijo came into
their house. "Run Timun Mas. Save your life!" said the mother. Buto
ijo was angry. He knew the farmers wanted to break their promise. He chased
Timun Mas away. Buto Ijo was getting closer and closer. Timun Mas then opened
the bag and threw a handful of salt. It became sea. Buto Ijo had to swim to
cross the sea. Later, Timun Mas threw some chilly. It became a jungle with
trees. The trees had sharp thorns so they hurt Buto Ijo. However, he was still
able to chase Timun Mas. Timun Mas took her third magic stuff. It was cucumber
seeds. She threw them and became cucumber field. But Buto Ijo still could
escape from the field. Then it was the last magic stuff she had in the bag. It
was a shrimp paste or terasi. She threw it and became a big swamp. Buto Ijo was
still trying to swim the swamp but he was very tired. Then he was drowning and
died. Timun Mas then immediately went home. The farmers were so happy that they
finally together again.
Posted in: BAHASA INGGRIS
Selasa, 18 Februari 2014
TROPICAL FOREST DAMAGE INDONESIA
TROPICAL FOREST DAMAGE INDONESIA
| Critically Endangered Plants and Animals
Condition of forests
in Indonesia is currently in a state of crisis . Many plants and animals that
live in them are threatened with extinction . In addition , there are many
people and cultures who depend on forests also threatened . But not everything
is bad news .
A harsh reality , we can see from the state of our tropical forests : illegal logging and forest fires either intentionally or not . Illegal logging is still happening in the woods around Riau , Sumatra . The question that immediately comes to is , what will happen to the animals endemic Sumatran tiger now increasingly rare ? Is going extinct following the fate of Java and Bali tigers now living the story ? Not only in Java , Sumatra and Kalimantan in Papua rainforest we have started much turned into a stretch of palm oil plantations .
Who knows how long these things are continuing and destructive to the forest ecosystem and threaten the existence of biodiversity within them. Not only the residents in the forest , socio-cultural fabric of indigenous peoples around would be also disrupted . With the loss of forests also means the loss of livelihood for the majority of the Indonesian people , because the forest is a place for food , medicine, and became the foundation of life for most people especially those living near the forest .
A harsh reality , we can see from the state of our tropical forests : illegal logging and forest fires either intentionally or not . Illegal logging is still happening in the woods around Riau , Sumatra . The question that immediately comes to is , what will happen to the animals endemic Sumatran tiger now increasingly rare ? Is going extinct following the fate of Java and Bali tigers now living the story ? Not only in Java , Sumatra and Kalimantan in Papua rainforest we have started much turned into a stretch of palm oil plantations .
Who knows how long these things are continuing and destructive to the forest ecosystem and threaten the existence of biodiversity within them. Not only the residents in the forest , socio-cultural fabric of indigenous peoples around would be also disrupted . With the loss of forests also means the loss of livelihood for the majority of the Indonesian people , because the forest is a place for food , medicine, and became the foundation of life for most people especially those living near the forest .
Posted in: BAHASA INGGRIS
Cerita Timun Emas dalam bahasa Inggris
TIMUN
EMAS (GOLDEN
CUCUMBER)
Long time ago in the island of Java,
Indonesia, lived a couple of farmer. They had married for some years but
they had no children. So they prayed to a monster called Buta Ijo to give
them children. Buta Ijo was a ferocious and powerful monster. He
granted their wish on one condition. When their children had grown up,
they had to sacrifice them to Buta Ijo. He liked eating fresh meat of
human being. The farmers agreed to his condition. Several months
later the wife was pregnant.
She gave birth to a beautiful baby
girl. They named her Timun Emas. The farmers were happy.
Timun Emas was very healthy and a very smart girl. She was also very
diligent. When she was a teenager Buta Ijo came to their house. Timun
Emas was frightened so she ran away to hide. The farmers then told Buta
Ijo that Timun Emas was still a child. They asked him to postpone.
Buta Ijo agreed. He promised to come again. The following year Buta
Ijo came again. But again and again their parents said that Timun Emas
was still a child.
When the third time Buta Ijo came their
parents had prepared something for him. They gave Timun Emas several
bamboo needles, seeds of cucumber, dressing and salt.
‘Timun,
take these things’
‘What
are these things?’
‘These are your weapons. Buta Ijo
will chase you. He will eat you alive. So run as fast as you
can. And if he will catch you spread this to the ground. Now go!’
Timun Emas was scared so she ran as
quickly as she could. When Buta Ijo arrived she was far from home.
He was very angry when he realized that his prey had left. So he ran to
chase her. He had a sharp nose so he knew what direction his prey
ran.
Timun Emas was just a girl while Buta
Ijo was a monster so he could easily catch her up. When he was just
several steps behind Timun Emas quickly spread the seeds of cucumber. In
seconds they turned into many vines of cucumber. The exhausted Buta Ijo
was very thirsty so he grabbed and ate them. When Buta Ijo was busy eating
cucumber Timun Emas could run away.
But soon Buta Ijo realized and started
running again. When he was just several steps behind Timun Emas threw her
bamboo needles. Soon they turned into dense bamboo trees. Buta Ijo
found it hard to pass. It took him some time to break the dense bamboo
forest. Meanwhile Timun Emas could run farther.
Buta Ijo chased her again. When
he almost catch her again and again Timun Emas threw her dressing. This
time it turned into a lake. Buta Ijo was busy to save himself so Timun
Emas ran way. But Buta Ijo could overcome it and continued chasing her.
Finally when Timun Emas was almost
caught she threw her salt. Soon the land where Buta Ijo stood turned into
ocean. Buta Ijo was drowned and died instantly.
Posted in: BAHASA INGGRIS